Islands and animal abundance.(Headline Science: The latest news in science research)

A comprehensive survey of lizards on islands around the world has confirmed what island biologists and seafaring explorers have long observed: Animals on islands are much more abundant than their counterparts on the mainland.

Besides confirming that longstanding observation, the study signals an alarm for island populations in a rapidly warming world. It suggests that climate change may have devastating consequences for lizards and other animals that inhabit islands because their ecosystems are much more sensitive than those on the mainland to change.

"We found that island populations are less resistant to biological invasions, which will likely increase dramatically with changing climate," says Walter Jetz, an assistant professor of biological sciences at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). Jetz coauthored the study with Lauren Buckley, a postdoctoral fellow at the Santa Fe Institute, who is a visiting scholar at UCSD.

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In addition to their increased sensitivity to biological invasions, populations on islands are more vulnerable than those on the mainland to sea level rise and increased storm activity, which are expected by many scientists to become worse as a result of global warming.

Jetz and Buckley gathered 643 estimates of lizard abundance from around the world for the survey, the first extensive global study of island densities for any animal group. (Pictured above is an Anolis lizard, which reach particularly high abundance on Caribbean islands.) Analyzing these estimates, the researchers determined that lizards were consistently over 10 times more abundant on islands than on the mainland.

Previous research conducted by Ted Case at UCSD and others on small groups of islands had found that islands' limited areas and isolation can reduce predation and c omp e t i t i o n pressures. As a result, island animals were able to reach exceptionally high densities. In their study, Jetz and Buckley confirmed that reduced numbers of predators and competitors accompany high lizard densities on islands across the world. The researchers concluded that an average acre of mainland contains 52 lizards, while an island acre contains 777 lizards. This difference in density persisted when the scientists controlled for location and environmental conditions.

"The ecology of islands is particularly important because while the world's more than 100,000 islands constitute only 7% of the global land surface, they contain many of Earth's species with numerous species restricted to single islands," says Buckley. "Five hundred million people depend on island ecosystems for their food and livelihoods."

The study suggests that islands are particularly sensitive to the loss and gain of species. Species introductions have had dramatic consequences for islands. Introduced mongooses have devastated island populations of lizards and introduced snakes have caused the loss of birds and lizards on islands.

"Cases of species introductions wreaking havoc on islands are likely to become more common as the islands face increasing pressures from population growth, tourism, development, and climate change," explains Jetz. "The consequences of island vulnerability have already been observed as island species account for half of known animal extinctions and a full 90% of known bird extinctions in the last 400 years. Our study suggests that islands will continue to be vulnerable worldwide." (University of California, San Diego) http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/0407LizardsKM-LNI.asp

Islands and animal abundance.(Headline Science: The latest news in science research)

A comprehensive survey of lizards on islands around the world has confirmed what island biologists and seafaring explorers have long observed: Animals on islands are much more abundant than their counterparts on the mainland.

Besides confirming that longstanding observation, the study signals an alarm for island populations in a rapidly warming world. It suggests that climate change may have devastating consequences for lizards and other animals that inhabit islands because their ecosystems are much more sensitive than those on the mainland to change.

"We found that island populations are less resistant to biological invasions, which will likely increase dramatically with changing climate," says Walter Jetz, an assistant professor of biological sciences at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). Jetz coauthored the study with Lauren Buckley, a postdoctoral fellow at the Santa Fe Institute, who is a visiting scholar at UCSD.

[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]

In addition to their increased sensitivity to biological invasions, populations on islands are more vulnerable than those on the mainland to sea level rise and increased storm activity, which are expected by many scientists to become worse as a result of global warming.

Jetz and Buckley gathered 643 estimates of lizard abundance from around the world for the survey, the first extensive global study of island densities for any animal group. (Pictured above is an Anolis lizard, which reach particularly high abundance on Caribbean islands.) Analyzing these estimates, the researchers determined that lizards were consistently over 10 times more abundant on islands than on the mainland.

Previous research conducted by Ted Case at UCSD and others on small groups of islands had found that islands' limited areas and isolation can reduce predation and c omp e t i t i o n pressures. As a result, island animals were able to reach exceptionally high densities. In their study, Jetz and Buckley confirmed that reduced numbers of predators and competitors accompany high lizard densities on islands across the world. The researchers concluded that an average acre of mainland contains 52 lizards, while an island acre contains 777 lizards. This difference in density persisted when the scientists controlled for location and environmental conditions.

"The ecology of islands is particularly important because while the world's more than 100,000 islands constitute only 7% of the global land surface, they contain many of Earth's species with numerous species restricted to single islands," says Buckley. "Five hundred million people depend on island ecosystems for their food and livelihoods."

The study suggests that islands are particularly sensitive to the loss and gain of species. Species introductions have had dramatic consequences for islands. Introduced mongooses have devastated island populations of lizards and introduced snakes have caused the loss of birds and lizards on islands.

"Cases of species introductions wreaking havoc on islands are likely to become more common as the islands face increasing pressures from population growth, tourism, development, and climate change," explains Jetz. "The consequences of island vulnerability have already been observed as island species account for half of known animal extinctions and a full 90% of known bird extinctions in the last 400 years. Our study suggests that islands will continue to be vulnerable worldwide." (University of California, San Diego) http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/0407LizardsKM-LNI.asp